Gurdwara Janam Asthan

Architecture of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana Sahib

The Gurdwara Janam Asthan at Nankana Sahib is a significant example of Sikh religious architecture, demonstrating both spiritual and functional design rooted in the Sikh tradition. The complex is not only revered for its historical and religious significance but also admired for its architectural articulation. It encompasses various dedicated spaces including areas for religious activities, a langar hall, and residential quarters for visiting pilgrims (yatris).

The main entrance to the Janam Asthan complex is located on the eastern wall. A long walkway leads from this entrance to the central gurdwara building. Along the left side of this path lies a large water tank known as the sarovar, which measures approximately 170 feet by 170 feet and is enclosed by descending steps. This sarovar serves an essential religious purpose, as Sikh devotees believe that bathing in these sacred waters offers both spiritual and worldly benefits.

The primary gurdwara structure showcases a broad facade characteristic of Sikh architectural style. The building is flanked by two tall minarets constructed as octagonal, stepped towers with domed tops. These minarets are crowned with domed kiosks, while the domes (gumbads) themselves are bulbous and fluted. Each dome features a base formed of petal-like elements (naspata) and is topped with an inverted lotus motif (moj pad), a detail found in traditional Sikh and Mughal architecture.

The front structure comprises a ground and a first floor. The ground floor is designed with a series of semi-circular arches supported by rectangular columns, reflecting European stylistic influence. The first floor above features arcading in the form of multi-foiled arches. A central gateway rises slightly above the rest of the facade, forming a prominent focal element. This gateway is enhanced with engaged circular columns and is topped with chhatris—elevated domed pavilions. At its center is a projecting jharoka (balcony), above which lies a small decorative pavilion referred to as the Shah Nasheen. At the base of the gateway is a metal entrance door embossed with scenes from the life of Guru Nanak.

Passing through this gateway, one enters a large rectangular courtyard, at the center of which stands the primary religious structure. This square-plan building, referred to as the Chaukhandi by historian Iqbal Qaiser, serves as the heart of the complex. Measuring 85 feet by 85 feet, it is an arcaded structure open on all four sides. At its center lies a sanctified room that houses the Guru Granth Sahib and other religious objects. This central room acts as the focal point for congregational gatherings. The surrounding arcade allows space for the Sikh sangat to assemble during religious events. A single dome rises above the center of this square structure. Iqbal Qaiser notes that this very spot is believed to be where midwife Daulta first saw the infant Sat Guru Nanak Dev Ji, and that the current Chaukhandi marks the Prakashasthan—the place of his birth.

Architectural details of Gurdwara Janam Asthan

Approximately twelve meters to the right of the Chaukhandi, there stands a Jand tree that holds a tragic place in the history of the site. On February 20, 1921 AD, Mahant Narain had Jathedar Bhai Lachman Singh hung upside down from this tree and burned alive. In remembrance of the Sikh martyrs of this event, a baradari was later constructed adjacent to the tree, serving as a memorial.

The langar hall within the complex has also been reconstructed, replacing the earlier facility. The new hall provides ample space for community meals, maintaining the essential Sikh tradition of langar—a communal kitchen serving free food to all visitors regardless of background.

In its entirety, the Gurdwara Janam Asthan complex represents a seamless integration of architectural form, historical continuity, and religious purpose, offering insight into the rich legacy of Sikh spiritual and communal life.

Architecture of Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana Sahib